Word Clipping

Word Clipping Word Clipping Word Clipping By Maeve Maddox Abbreviated types of words like rhinoceros (rhino), synchronization (sync), and limousine (limo), basic in discussion and casual composition, are generally utilized completely in formal settings. These abbreviated words are called clippings. Once in a while a cut-out drives out its more drawn out unique and turns into a standard word in its own right. Some standard English words that started as clippings seem to be: taxi: a shortening of Taximeter, a gadget for estimating separation and calculating the toll. taxi: a shortening of cabriolet, a light two-wheeled chaise drawn by one pony. Later the word was applied to a mechanized vehicle. Note: The word taxi joins two clippings. lunch: a shortening of lunch meeting, a word recorded from 1580. In spite of the fact that lunch is recorded as ahead of schedule as 1829, it was as yet viewed as indecent a century later. Lunch get-together is still near, yet it has gained something of a valuable meaning. transport: a shortening of omnibus. Old style Latin omnibus methods â€Å"for all.† As a term for an open transportation vehicle, omnibus was acquired from French. The wealthier classes had delighted in the administrations of carriages for recruit as right on time as the seventeenth century. The omnibus offered modest open transportation to the majority. plane: a shortening of plane/plane. Words are cut from front, back, or the two finishes. Back section Most clippings keep the forward portion of the word, dropping the rest of the syllables: chimpanzee > chimp synchronize > sync assessment > test gas > gas notice > notice A few clippings change the spelling of the principal syllable so as to keep the ideal elocution. For instance, the shortening of business is spelled business in light of the fact that cut off from business, the syllable transport is articulated like the word for the vehicle. The abbreviated structure mike for amplifier has been in the language since 1911. Starting during the 1960s, the utilization of the shortening â€Å"mic† on electronic gadgets started to be mistaken for the word mike. As a shortened form under a sound port, â€Å"mic† is a helpful space-saver. It flops as a spelling, be that as it may, on the grounds that mic rhymes with Bic. Fore-cutting A few shortenings drop the start of the word: robot > bot parachute > chute cockroach > insect phone > telephone Center Clipping In center section the center of the word is held: cooler > refrigerator flu > influenza night robe > jammies The truth will surface eventually which of the current abbreviated words so mainstream in internet based life will adhere to the language. Here are some phonetic terms identified with word development by cutting: apocope [uh-POK-uh-pee]: The cutting off or exclusion of the last letter or syllable/s of a word: pic from picture, vocab from jargon. apheresis [a-fuh-REE-sis]: exclusion of at least one sounds or letters from the earliest starting point of a word: possum from opossum. syncope [SEENK-uh-pee]: constriction of a word by oversight of at least one syllables or letters in the center, as ma’m from madam, specs from displays, and fo’c’sle for forecastle. Need to improve your English shortly a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:Has versus HadIn Search of a 4-Dot EllipsisCapitalizing Titles of People and Groups

Financial part of the new project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Monetary piece of the new venture - Essay Example An individual can retail organizations like Wal-Mart or a monetary association. Wal-Mart is the main retailing organization. It has been appraised as no.1 retailing organization in United States. An individual or a firm wanting to arrangement a store can get the administrations of Wal-Mart for the items offered by the Wal-Mart to show the mainstream marks that goes under Wal-Mart. Rather than moving toward the money related foundations like banks for subsidizing credits the ward can approach Wal-Mart. It can support the individual or firm to open store. Storekeeper can get commission from Wal-Mart after the selling of the items that were shown in the store. The commission fluctuates relying upon the store. In the present market situation the deals of quick moving purchaser merchandise (FMCG) and PC equipment and programming deals contact soak point. Dissimilar to stores built up for ancient rarities whose business move at snails pace than the items like FMCG. Also, capital required for setting up occasions that are obsolete in the market like collectibles and workmanship related is unassumingly high. Additionally the money engaged with such a store will be in question for a more drawn out period and get extremely less edge or commission from Wal-Mart. The fixed resources required in building up a store ought to be comparable to the status of the Wal-Mart.

Perfectionism Common in Those With Eating Disorders

Perfectionism Common in Those With Eating Disorders Eating Disorders Symptoms Print Perfectionism in Eating Disorders By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 01, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 29, 2019 Peter Dazely/Photographers Choice/Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention Perfectionismâ€"the tendency to hold unrealistically high standardsâ€"has been implicated in the development of and maintenance of eating disorders. Clinical perfectionism is a primary target of intervention in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT-E), the leading treatment for adults with eating disorders. Studies have shown that patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa have higher levels of perfectionism than control subjects. Perfectionism has been less studied  but also identified in patients with binge eating disorder. According to Bardone-Cone and colleagues (2010), “perfectionism appears to play a role in the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of eating disorders” (p. 139). This article will define perfectionism, describe its relationship to eating disorders, and discuss treatment strategies. What Is Perfectionism? Perfectionism is a complex personality characteristic with no universally accepted definition. It is sometimes viewed as a personality trait or symptom. It can also be understood as a process. Perfectionism can have positive and negative aspects. Having high standards can be an asset and in many cases, it can be helpful in attaining goals. However, perfectionism also exacts a cost and in the wrong situations, too much of it can be an impediment. The perfectionism associated with psychological problems is problematic and has been referred to as clinical (or dysfunctional) perfectionism. Clinical perfectionism has three aspects: The continuous expectation that you or others meet high standards that, given the circumstances, other people consider extreme or unreasonable.Judging your self-worth largely on your ability to strive for and achieve these unrelenting high standards.Continuing to aim for these standards despite consistently negative consequences. People can exhibit perfectionism in certain domains of their lives and not in others. For example, some people are perfectionistic regarding school or work, but not around their homes. Others may be perfectionistic around their appearance, but not about their school or work performance. Specific domains of perfectionism that have been identified in the literature include: Performance at work or schoolClose relationshipsLeisure and athleticsNeatness and aestheticsOrganization and orderingWritingSpeakingPhysical appearanceHealth and personal cleanliness People with perfectionism engage in certain behaviors that maintain their perfectionistic beliefs. Perfectionistic behaviors include both things you might do and things you might avoid doing. Behaviors that perfectionists might do include: Excessive checkingExcessive organizingListmakingCorrecting others In addition, many people with perfectionism avoid doing certain things out of fear that they will not be able to meet their own standards. Examples of avoidance behaviors include: Giving up too soonIndecisivenessAvoiding tasksFailure to delegateProcrastination Many people with clinical perfectionism find that it negatively affects their social relationships, mental health, and/or physical health.   Perfectionism’s Relationship to Eating Disorders Perfectionism and eating disorders seem to be correlated, but the causality is not clearâ€"we don’t know if one leads to the other or which comes first. Some research indicates that people with eating disorders and perfectionism often displayed perfectionistic traits before their eating disorders began. Some research studies showed that perfectionistic traits persisted in individuals with eating disorders even after recovery. However, Bardone-Cone and colleagues found that when a more stringent definition of eating disorder recovery was used, perfectionistic symptoms were reduced to levels similar to those found in patients without eating disorders. These researchers write, “From this perspective, interventions and/or experiences that help decrease perfectionism may be key to making full recovery attainable. However, it could also be that the temporal ordering is reversed, with attaining full eating disorder recovery (with eating disorder symptomatology at levels comparable to those with no history of an eating disorder) being what permitted the relaxation of perfectionistic standards and attitudes.” Clinical perfectionism is described as one of four key factors that maintain eating disorders, according to Fairburn, the author of CBT-E. Research shows perfectionism is related to poorer prognosis after admission for anorexia nervosa and with higher treatment drop-out. Treatment If relaxation of perfectionism is associated with a  more complete eating disorder recovery, it deserves attention during treatment. Most of the research on the treatment of perfectionism has focused on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approaches. CBT treatment for perfectionism has been found to be successful in reducing perfectionism among both patient and nonpatient populations. It has also has been shown to reduce eating disorder symptoms as well as symptoms of other disorders including depression and anxiety. CBT treatment for perfectionism involves challenging perfectionistic thoughts such as all-or-nothing thinking and “should” statements. It involves identifying overgeneralizations and double standards. Patients also learn to test perfectionistic beliefs through the use of behavioral experiments. For example, a patient who believes he would be too ashamed to ever have a friend over unless his apartment is totally and thoroughly cleaned up could test having a friend over when things are left out of place. A client could test the belief that she must always be productive by scheduling time to sit in the park and people-watch. Having a problem with perfectionism is similar to having a “phobia” of being imperfectâ€"you are terrified of making mistakes. Treatment for this condition therefore also involves repeated exposure to situations in which you are unlikely to perform perfectly. Examples of exposure activities could include: Arriving late for an appointmentSending out an email that includes a spelling or grammatical errorSpeaking in a meeting and losing your train of thoughtAsking for help in a storeGiving incorrect change when paying for something Over time, with repeated exposure, patients learn that it is safe to relax their standards and that nothing terrible happens when they do. The goal is to develop more healthy and balanced standards. Will Treatment Help? Given the link between perfectionism and eating disorders, it might help to recognize and address perfectionism in you or a loved one. The following are questions suggested by one of the leading experts on perfectionism (Antony 2015) to assess whether one might need help for perfectionism: Are your standards higher than those of other people?Are you able to meet your standards? Do you get overly upset if you don’t meet your own standards?Are other people able to meet your standards? Do you get overly upset if others don’t meet your standards?Do your standards help you to achieve your goals or do they get in the way (e.g., by making you overly disappointed or angry when your standards are not met; by making you get less work done, etc.)?What would be the costs of relaxing a particular standard or ignoring a rule that you have?What would be the benefits of relaxing a specific standard or ignoring a rule that you have? In Summary If you or a loved one with an eating disorder display symptoms of perfectionism, you might want to seek help for these symptoms in addition to seeking treatment for the eating disorder. Successful CBT self-help programs for perfectionism include the book When Perfect Isn’t Good Enough and Perfectionism in Perspective, a free online downloadable workbook.

Brahms’ Brahms’ Brahms’ Third Third Third - 728 Words

Brahms’ Brahms’ Brahms’ Third Third Third In his early days, Brahms was attracted to the traditional form of classical music specifically Beethoven and Haydn. When the original form of the symphony was created, many composers tried to follow and fit the same mold. In this third symphony from an older Brahms, we see that he fits this mold by having this symphony divided into a fast-slow-minuet-fast. Just years before Brahms wrote his first symphony, he was declared as the heir to Beethoven. This obviously had pressure on Brahms at that point in his life, therefore he had to shift from a more traditional form of writing to making it original as shown in this third symphony even though he followed Beethoven and Haydn’s traditional form. It’s as if he had this heaviness of the past on his shoulders, yet we listen to his genuine response towards this feeling. Yes he followed this form, but we can see Brahms’ rhythmic display, motivic thinking, motivic saturation, and above all his musical wisdom. That being s aid, Im a firm believer that music comes from within a person and I really do believe that Brahms felt this way toward his music. What we listen to today, are movements that put together, have become masterpieces and models for many composers. Brahms third symphony is similar to Haydn’s conception of the symphony which he shows in his Oxford creation. It starts with a fast allegro movement, followed by a slow andante movement, later has a scherzo, and finally an allegroShow MoreRelated Review on Brahms?s Third Symphony Essay example613 Words   |  3 Pages Review on Brahms’s Third Symphony Symphony No.3, Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) Op.90, F Major Allegro con brio Andante Poco allegretto allegro Brahms was at the zenith of his powers when he wrote the third Symphony. He finished it during the summer of 1883, in Wiesbaden, whence in early May, soon after his fiftieth birthday. We can picture Brahms that summer, in the very prime of his life, his great intellectual and emotional powers fully developed and his mastery widely acknowledged, walking muchRead MoreRichard Muhlfeld s His Quintet For Clarinet, 2 Violins, Viola, And Cello1298 Words   |  6 PagesIn his Quintet for Clarinet, 2 Violins, Viola, and Cello Op. 115, Brahms creates an important and influential work in the chamber music repertoire. By writing his Quintet for the specific clarinetist Richard Mà ¼hlfeld’s artistic brilliance, and by taking musical liberties with conventional forms and expectations, Brahms crafts the intimacy and seriousness one has come to expect from chamber music. Towards the end of his life, Brahms had intended on retiring from composing. Around 1891, the MeiningenRead MoreBrahms’ â€Å"Wie Melodien† Op. 105 Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesThe lyrics for Brahms’ â€Å"Wie Melodien† Op. 105, No. 1 are from a poem written by Klaus Groth. It is a poem that never clearly states its true meaning. Instead, it arouses an emotional feeling of one dreaming about something from the past. And, these emotional feelings are expressed in Groth’s poem through a variety of images. The poem begins with using â€Å"melodies† as an image. In the first phrase, â€Å"Like melodies draw it to me softly through the mind,† the word â€Å"melodies† seems to be symbolicRead MoreDeath Schone Magelone By Ludwig Tieck948 Words   |  4 Pagessong from Brahms’ song cycle Romanzen aus L. Tieck’s Magelone, Op. 33 No. 3. As text for his song cycle, Brahms chose excerpts from the novel Die schà ¶ne Magelone by Ludwig Tieck (1773-1853). The novel tells a love story between Peter von Provence and Magelone, the king’s daughter. In this particular song, Peter and Magelone falls in love with each other. Though Brahms is most widely known as an instrumental composer, more than half of his opus numbers are devoted to vocal works. In Brahms’ song cyclesRead MoreReview on Brahmss Third Symphony Essays607 Words   |  3 PagesReview on Brahmss Third Symphony Symphony No.3, Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) Op.90, F Major Allegro con brio Andante Poco allegretto allegro Brahms was at the zenith of his powers when he wrote the third Symphony. He finished it during the summer of 1883, in Wiesbaden, whence in early May, soon after his fiftieth birthday. We can picture Brahms that summer, in the very prime of his life, his great intellectual and emotional powers fully developedRead MoreBrahms Intermezzo No.3, Op.119 in C Major Analysis8658 Words   |  35 Pages9/29/12 MTO 13.3: Ricci, The Progress of a Motive in Brahms s Intermezzo op. 119, no. 3 Volume 13, Number 3, September 2007 Copyright  © 2007 Society for Music Theory Adam Ricci* The Progress of a Motive in Brahms’s Intermezzo op. 119, no. 3* ABSTRACT: Brahms’s Intermezzo op. 119, no. 3 is structured around a motive with two components—one melodic, one harmonic—that operate sometimes separately and sometimes together. The global harmonic trajectory of the piece is embodied in the combinationRead MoreThe Development of Harmony from Schumann through Brahms to Debussy1063 Words   |  5 PagesThe Development of Harmony from Schumann through Brahms to Debussy In studying three composers, Schumann, Brahms and Debussy, it is possible through analysis, to construct a Harmonic development through time - from early 1800s to early 1900s. I will go about deducing a harmonic timeline by individually looking at each composer then will conclude with a final comparison summarizing how different harmonic elements develop with the Romantic Movement and its progression.Read MoreI Attended The University Symphony Orchestra Concert1374 Words   |  6 Pagesmovement, andante, was soft and comforting. Caleb showed lyrical and expressive potential of the trumpet. This movement was mostly concentrating on the capability of the trumpet which exemplifies the consummate melodic artistry of Haydn s late work. The third movement, allegro, was light and tuneful. The movement begins with soft violins and the orchestra follows immediately with a loud statement. As the piece stables, there is a pause and the trumpet make its first theme, accompanied by a full orchestraRead More The Florida Orchestra’s Program730 Words   |  3 Pages On April 11, 2014 The Florida Orchestra performed Wolfgang Mozart’s Symphony No. 28 in C major, K, 200, David Diamond’s Symphony No. 4, and Johannes Brahms Quartet No.1 for Piano and Strings in G minor at the David A. Straz Center for the P erforming Arts, Ferguson Hall in Tampa, Florida. Gerard Schwarz, guest conductor, led the Florida Orchestra for each of the compositions. According to The Florida Orchestra Program the list of performers for the violin is Jeffrey Multer, Nancy Chang, JeffreyRead MoreIn This Paper We Will Go Through The Development Of The2089 Words   |  9 Pages In this paper we will go through the development of the keyboard through the nineteenth century in chamber music. We are going to look at three different composers, Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, and Johannes Brahms. We are going to look and see how they treated the keyboard in their lives and compositions. For each of the composers we will look at one keyboard chamber piece so we can learn just a little more about how important it was to each composer and why. [introduction paragraph to be

The Plague By Albert Camus - 1511 Words

The Plague It is always awful when an epidemic starts to spread out. Regardless of have severe it is, it always has bad consequences. These hard times often bring the citizen closer to each other and make them appreciate life more. In the book â€Å"The Plague† written by Albert Camus the readers get a sense of how incredibly the spread of a deadly disease is. In this case it is the plague. Throughout the novel, the author tells the reader through Dr. Rieux, which is actually the author but he talks about himself in third person, how the town is in general before the epidemic, and how this epidemic effects the people inside the town. Other events, such as the decision for the citizen to be unable to move out, and for people outside of the town to move in does not make the mood inside the town any better, especially for those who have beloved ones going out of town for a short period of time because they are no longer allowed to come back to their family. On the other hand, people inside the town without their loved ones get another perspective and appreciate their wives, husbands or children even more than before they left them. They also get closer to their neighbor because everyone is suffering from the plague and collectively attempting to fight the infection. Oran is not a place that people want to live. It is often described in a very negative way. The location makes the reader think it is a very unpleasant place to live. This is supported by the author himself, who saysShow MoreRelatedThe Plague By Albert Camus2232 Words   |  9 PagesNon-American Author Research: The Plague by Albert Camus The Plague by Albert Camus is a novel that forms themes around human suffering, greed, and religion. Although, most of the cultural points in this novel are based off of the authors own traditions and culture, the major things to focus on are the differences between history, culture, and religious beliefs between the novel and Oran, Algeria. In Camus’s story, the community of Oran is thrown into panic due to a plague spreading throughout the cityRead MoreThe Plague by Albert Camus1001 Words   |  5 Pageslife. Albert Camus highlights the theme of time in his 1947 novel, The Plague. Through the use of allegory and point of view, Camus substantiates that when people are not aware of time and its advancing, they are wasting the precious and limited time of their lives. He constantly establishes that the amount of consciousness obtained by a person is the difference between spending time wisely and foolishly. In order to fully utilize it, people need to be aware of time and its passing. Camus uses pointRead MoreAnalysis Of The Plague By Albert Camus1101 Words   |  5 PagesThe novel, The Plague, written by Albert Camus, will be the focal point of the Multicultural essay. Further delving into Albert Camus and his life, he was a French philosopher, author, and journalist. At a young age, he lost his father due to an injury suffered during World War I, and was raised under the domineering hand of his grandmother alongside his mother (Lottman 52). Camus did exemplary in school and through his political engagement led him to join the Communist Party. Deeply advocating forRead MoreThe Plague by Albert Camus Essay1998 Words   |  8 PagesThe Plague by Albert Camus Albert Camus The Plague, takes place in the desert town of Oran, Algeria, in northern Africa. It is the perfect setting for this story to take place. The ordinariness of Oran is contrasted with the extraordinary business of the plague. Sprintzen points out that There is a mythic significance of Oran. Given the previous description of the quality of Oranian life, the selection of Oran as the location for the outbreak of plague should not come as a surprise(SprintzenRead MoreThe Holocaust And The Plague By Albert Camus1499 Words   |  6 PagesHolocaust and the plague the total is 90 million people, with 75 million people dying of the plague, and 15 million people died in the Holocaust. The Holocaust was the mass murder of certain groups of people that Hitler, the leader of the toleration state, disliked and wanted to get rid of. The plague happened in a very different fashion, it was the disease that spread quickly and was very contagious. In the book, The Plague by Albert Cam us, it describes what effect the plague had on the populationRead MoreCharacterization Of The Plague By Albert Camus2269 Words   |  10 PagesCharacterization of The Plague In this book The Plague by Albert Camus, it’s interesting to read as this book is centered in the fiction genre. Camus develops a story with characters who’s brought together by the natural disaster. I find the author’s plot, tone, and theme for the story satisfied about understanding survival. The story takes place in Oran, Algeria in the 1940s (World War II era). The author makes a reference about the real world’s bubonic plague in World War II that affect to otherRead MoreAnalysis Of Albert Camus The Plague Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The evil in this world comes almost always from ignorance. Goodwill can cause as much harm as ill-will, if it lacks understanding.† Wrote Albert Camus in the plague. Today, more than ever, this quote is relevant in the context of Afghanistan, a country in the crossroads between South and Central Asia, country mired in conflict of varying intensity since 1979. In the history of Afghanistan, a state, in order to be deemed as legitimate, had to satisfy three preconditions. Firstly, it had to be aRead More Existentialism and Albert Camus The Plague Essay3940 Words   |  16 PagesExistentialism and The Plague      In the mid 1940s, a man by the name of Albert Camus began to write a story. This story he called La Pestà ©. Written in French, the novel became extremely popular and has since been translated numerous times into many languages. This story has been read over and over, yet it tells more than it seems to. This story tells the tale of a city gripped by a deadly disease. This is true enough, but this is not what the novel is about. The Plague can be read as an allegoryRead MoreCriticism Of Heroism In The Plague, By Albert Camus811 Words   |  4 PagesThe Plague, written by Albert Camus, is a story about a bubonic plague outbreak in the French Algerian city of Oran. â€Å"I tried so hard and got so far, but in the end it doesnt even matter.† This quote from the band, Lincoln Park, describes the Absurdist philosophy shown in the Plague. Camus brings the reader on a rollercoaster of heroism and self-sacrifice, just to drop them off at the fact that none of it mattered in the end. The story starts out by an unnamed narrator giving brief backgroundRead MoreSuffering And Morality In The Plague By Albert Camus711 Words   |  3 Pagesfrom a higher power, like the church. Institutions such as religion are a way of expressing morality and a means to cope with suffering, a crucial understanding of the human condition. In â€Å"The Plague† by Albert Camus, his construction of the human condition is centered on the catastrophic plague in the town of Oran. Dr. Bernard Rieux, an atheist, cures the victims of the town while simultaneously being an unbiased narrator to the events of the disaster. Other main characters, like the Christian

Historical Background of Rural Finance of Bangladesh Free Essays

Historical background of rural finance The non-institutional or informal rural finance Informal rural finance markets enable flow of funds and transfer of rural financial assets through relatively localised transactions in money, and real goods and services among friends, relatives, kin-members, landlords, neighbours, shopkeepers, farmers, artisans, itinerant traders, marketing intermediaries, village mahajans (moneylenders), and other local income groups. Informal financial markets do exist in urban areas, but are more prominent in rural areas where institutional sources of finance are either absent or insufficient to cater to the needs of funds of local professionals of different categories. The sources of informal rural finance in most developing countries include (a) professional moneylenders; (b) agricultural moneylenders; (c) commission agents; (d) relatives and friends, and different associations of rural professionals/self-help groups; (e) well-to-do rural people; and (f) shop-keepers, and marketing intermediaries and proprietors. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Background of Rural Finance of Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now Contrary to formal rural finance, the informal segment of rural financial markets is not subject to regulation. The institutional or formal rural finance The sources of funds in the formal part of rural finance markets are mainly: (a) co-operatives that meet the needs of short, medium and long-term credit; (b) commercial, cooperative and specialised banks; (c) micro-finance institutions (MFIs) and NGOs conducting micro-finance operations; (d) agri-product marketing associations; and (e) land mortgage banks, and various government agencies including those established for agricultural development. The operations of financial institutions in formal rural financial markets are typically heavily regulated, and the nature and extent of formalities, as well as the interest rate structure, usually make access to credit from this market restricted to limited segments of the rural population. . Before (1971) Formal financing through institutional sources evolved in Bengal during the British period. The Hindustan Bank was established in Calcutta in 1700. The Bengal Bank, established in 1784, is considered to be the first British-patronised modern bank in India to start trading in credit and money. The 14 prominent banks operating in Bengal during the British period were located in Dhaka, Chittagong, Rangpur, Chandpur, Mymensingh, Pabna, Dinajpur, Comilla, and Narayanganj. In addition to these bank offices, 17 loan offices were established which operated throughout the Bangladesh region between 1850 and 1894. These were at Faridpur (1865), Bogra (1872), Barisal (1873), Mymensingh (1873), Nasirabad (1875), Jessore (1876), Munshiganj (1876), Dhaka (1878), Sylhet (1881), Pabna (1882), Kishoreganj (1883), Noakhali (1885), Khulna (1887), Madaripur (1887), Tangail (1887), Nilphamari (1894), and Rangpur (1894). These loan offices extended their lending activity to the rural areas and gave short, medium and long-term credits. Provincial co-operative banks were established in 1912 under the Co-operative Society Act that was passed and enacted in the same year. The Bengal Co-operative Societies Act 1940 was enacted to allow the formation of co-operative societies. Following the Partition in 1947, Pakistan inherited a banking and credit structure from the British regime consisting of 631 bank offices belonging to both local and foreign banks. Of these offices, only 159 were in rural areas. The State Bank of Pakistan, the central bank of the country, came into being in 1948 and attempted to strengthen the country’s credit system through setting up new branches of commercial banks and other types of credit institutions in rural areas. In addition to the progress achieved in commercial banking, other credit institutions had also been established to satisfy the need for medium and long-term credits for rural trade, agriculture, industry, and housing in the 24 years between 1947 and 1971. Among credit institutions, the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan had its branches in the rural areas of both the provinces. The East Pakistan Provincial Government’s loan for agriculture in East Pakistan was Rs 28 million in 1956 and Rs 25 million in 1961-62. takavi loans for West Pakistan and Agricultural loans for East Pakistan constituted the operations of the government as a direct lender with no intermediate link between it and the agriculturists. Co-operative societies and organisations played a significant role in providing agricultural credit. Total credit disbursed by East Pakistan credit societies for agriculture was Rs 27. 5 million in 1948-49 and Rs 4 million in 1959-60. Non-credit co-operative societies provided Rs 1. 6 million in 1948-49 and Rs 0. 5 million in 1959-60. There were 8 land mortgage banks in East Pakistan at the end of 1959-60. These banks advanced Rs 0. 63 million to farmers for redemption of old debts and permanent improvement of land. There were 83 central co-operative banks in East Pakistan in 1948-49. Together, they provided Rs 17. million in 1948-49, Rs 10. 64 million in1955-65 and Rs 28. 8 million in 1959-60 to the agricultural sector. The Central Multipurpose Societies that existed in East Pakistan at that time often resorted to credit business in order to fulfil the requirements of areas which were not served by central co-operative banks. There were 62 societies in operation in 1959-60. Their total outstanding credit was Rs 6. 02 million. After (1971) After independence in 1971, Bangladesh inhe rited a weak banking system, which had 1,130 branches of 12 banks. Between 1971 and 1976, Bangladesh Krishi Bank (formerly the Agricultural Development Bank) and the co-operatives were the two institutions that were meeting the need of agricultural credit. To increase the flow of credit for agriculture, the government inducted the NCBs in the field of agricultural credit in 1976 under a new programme called Special Agricultural Credit Programme (SACP) which was designed to cater to all seasonal crop loans. Rural branches of NCBs are now engaged in agricultural credit. As against a total disbursement of Tk 860 million by the banking system in 1976-77, the agricultural loans rose to Tk 3. 75 billion in 1980-81, Tk 11. 5 billion in 1984-85 and Tk 76. 3 billion in 1999-2000. The 844 branches of bangladesh krishi bank (BKB) and 301 branches of rajshahi krishi unnayan bank (RKUB) are engaged in providing agricultural credit. At present, BKB has set its target to distribute a total credit of Tk 14. 5 billion for agriculture in 1999-2000. Previously, the bank disbursed total agricultural credit of Tk 4. 897 billion in 1997-98, Tk 11. 69 billion in 1998-99, and Tk 9. 175 billion in 1999-2000. RKUB distributed agricultural credit amounting to Tk 1. 517 billion in 1997-98, Tk 2. 50 billion in 1998-99, and Tk 2. 636 billion in 1999-2000. Other major institutions providing rural finance in Bangladesh are the Bangladesh Samabaya Bank Ltd (BSBL), the apex institution of all central co-operative societies, co-operative land mortgage banks, central sugarcane growe rs associations and thana co-operative societies. Any of the above societies can be a member of the Samabaya Bank Ltd, which had 511 members on 30 June 1999. Total loans and advances of the BSBL as of 30 June 2000 was Tk 27. 43 million, of which Tk 25. 94 million was distributed to the agricultural sector. The rate of interest charged by the institutions of the country’s banking systems engaged in agricultural credit varied from 9. 75 to 15. 50% on 30 April 2000. Despite the significant increase in the amount of total agricultural credit in the country during the last two and a half decades, NCBs, BKB and the RKUB together cater to only 50% of the total agricultural credit at present. The rest is being provided by the informal money market. A Lead Bank Scheme is in operation for co-ordinated distribution of agricultural credit throughout the country. Under this scheme, each of the branches of NCBs, and BKB was allocated one or more of the Unions for servicing agricultural credit so that the NCBs, together with BKB and RKUB, could cover the entire country. For each financial year, the central bank of the country (bangladesh bank) formulates and promulgates the agricultural credit policy according to which banks and other institutions operate their agricultural credit-giving activities. The agricultural credit market in the country is highly vulnerable as most part of the credit is non-performing and eaten up by big farmers, the rural rich elite, and touts. On the other hand, a large portion of institutional agricultural credit goes to the informal market and for re-lending to needy farmers and the rural poor at exorbitant interest rates. A huge amount is also diverted for consumption and other purposes. Moreover, the recovery rate of agricultural credit in the country is now only around 42%, which is a heavy barrier to its expansion. The NGOs operating in the country with microcredit programmes also constitute a major group of formal institutions providing rural finance. They work with the rural poor who are largely bypassed by the banking system and other credit-giving agencies. A few NGOs are also working with the urban poor. One statistical report on 369 NGOs, the grameen bank, Palli Karmasahayak Foundation (PKSF), and the Ministry of Youth and Sports reveals that these institutions distributed Tk 535. 9 million to their 4,926,427 borrower-members in 1998. . How to cite Historical Background of Rural Finance of Bangladesh, Papers

Shakespeare Lack Of Understanding Of Women Essays -

Shakespeare Lack Of Understanding Of Women Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew Paper I believe that Shakespeare had a very little understanding of women. In this play The Taming of the Shrew the women seem very flat. There is Kate; she is the proverbial witchy woman. The butt of jokes men think of while sitting around a campfire discussing their troubles with women, or the woman everyman wants to go out with and conquer to prove how really macho he is. Then there is Bianca; she portrays everymans fantasy of the prefect woman. Her youth, beauty, and charm desired in his world. And finally, the woman Hortensio marries the Widow. The widow is the sugar mama of the group. The lazy male fantasy of having a woman to love and take care of you at the same time. My first example of the static characters of women as portrayed by Shakespeare is Kate. I believe it is a male fantasy of sorts to be the one who could tame the untamable. I also believe Shakespeare probably shared this fantasy (unless my other theories of his sexuality turn out to be true). This is accomplished through Uber-male Petruchio. A quote that shows this is on page 83, line136 So I to her, and so she yields to me, for I am rough and woo not like a babe. This shows how Petruchio is convinced he's god's gift to women. And also portrays the male fantasy of domination. My next example would be Bianca. She is quiet, beautiful, and weak. Everything diserable to the men around. Later we find out its somewhat an act but we won't mention this for my papers sake. She appears weak in beginning when she has had her hands tide by Kate and is being beaten by her, ActII page 78, line1 good sister wrong me not nor yourself to make a bondmaid and a slave of me. This is Bianca showing off how weak she is, being able to be dominated by her husband. Lastly, there is the widow whom Hortensio marries. She seems to be his caretaker, and not other way around. This is somewhat of another male fantasy, to be taken care of. And yet this also embarrasses Hortensio. He appears weak for following a woman, and not leading as Petruchio, uber-male has. This shows how Shakespeare views women as followers, and if you are lead by one, then you are not a man. Page 148, line92, this is right after Hortensio sends for his wife and she tells him to goto her and Petruchio is making fun of Hortensio Worse and worse, she will not come, O vile, intolerable, not to be endured!. These are the reasons why I felt that during the reading of The Taming of the Shrew, Shakespeare had very little understanding of the female sex. I believe the woman in this book were a compilation of classic male fantasies shared by all. He should have granted more freedom to act differently to the female characters. I thought it might have been interesting if he would have gone somewhat into widows past. Or if he had shown private flashes of rage by Bianca, that went against her preset character. I would have also enjoyed somewhat of a prologue of sorts. An explanation of the roots of Kates bitterness towards her sister, the suitors, and life itself. So that's my paper?..You can stop reading now, theres nothing leftgo on go on to another page? okay look away.NOW. Bibliography no biblio English Essays